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Breaking change in arize-phoenix-client 2.6.0+ (Python) and arize-phoenix 15.0.0+ (server) client.datasets.create_dataset() now defaults to upsert semantics: if a dataset with the given name already exists, incoming examples are merged into the latest version rather than returning a 409 Conflict. New examples are created; existing examples matched by their stable id are updated. This is a breaking change for callers that relied on the old fail-on-duplicate behavior.

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Upsert behavior

  • New dataset — created as before; no behavior change.
  • Existing dataset, no id on examples — examples are appended as new examples in a new version.
  • Existing dataset, id supplied — examples whose id matches an existing example are updated in place; unmatched ids are inserted as new examples.
To opt back in to the strict create-only behavior, pass action="create" directly on the REST endpoint — the Python client does not expose this option, as upsert is now the recommended default. 
from phoenix.client import Client

client = Client()

# Upsert: creates the dataset on first call, merges on subsequent calls
dataset = client.datasets.create_dataset(
    name="golden-set",
    examples=[
        {"input": {"query": "What is RAG?"}, "output": {"answer": "Retrieval-Augmented Generation"}, "id": "ex-001"},
        {"input": {"query": "What is an LLM?"}, "output": {"answer": "Large Language Model"}, "id": "ex-002"},
    ],
)
print(dataset.name, dataset.example_count)

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Supply stable example IDs for deterministic updates

Provide an id field on each example so re-uploads update the same row rather than inserting duplicates: 
import pandas as pd
from phoenix.client import Client

client = Client()

df = pd.DataFrame({
    "question": ["What is RAG?", "What is an LLM?"],
    "answer":   ["Retrieval-Augmented Generation", "Large Language Model"],
    "example_id": ["ex-001", "ex-002"],
})

dataset = client.datasets.create_dataset(
    name="golden-set",
    dataframe=df,
    input_keys=["question"],
    output_keys=["answer"],
    example_id_key="example_id",
)